The Wingmen (originally known as the “Hawk-Police“) are a fictional police force of the planet Thanagar with roles of judge, jury and executioner in DC Comics publications.
Contents
1History
2Known Wingmen
3Elite Hawkmen Force
4After Infinite Crisis
History
The Wingmen force wear non-winged helmets, protective military-style armour, metallic wings, carry energy blasters weapons and communication relay. Their helmets have differing vision capabilities for whatever the officer could come up against. This group was the major law and order enforcement squad of Thanagar until the Elite Hawkmen Force was formed. Since then, the Wingmen have lost its prime importance and prestige and are used as front line warriors.
Known Wingmen
Katar Hol: One of the first recruits, the most skilled of the Wingmen and the most decorated officer.
Shayera Thal: A rookie when she was first partnered with veteran Katar Hol.
Andar Pul: the chief
Byth Rok: Formerly a high-ranking member, later a thief.
Kragger
Ra Laf
Fel Andar
Ch’al Andar
Mahol Toj: In the 853rd Century, he commanded a group of Wingmen to protect the tesseracs surrounding Metropolis.
Dark Wingmen
The Dark Wingmen are reanimated corpses of Thanagarians that were created by Onimar Synn.
Elite Hawkmen Force
The Elite Hawkmen (sometimes called the Hawkman Corps) are the elite force of Thanagar. This elite squad was formed by high ranking officials in order to turn the winged helmet’s (or “Honor Wings”) first concept of honor - a Thanagarian symbol of heroism amongst the Wingmen - into a competition’s top-prize for the best of the best soldiers. A very natural idea for a military society as Thanagar thought up by Alien Affairs official Kanjar Ro, who informed Thal Provis and Andar Pul of the possibility of Katar Hol becoming a traitor. The idea was if an individual falters, that person is seen as a failure. But if one was to die while wearing a winged helmet, that Hawkman is seen as a martyr and that person’s death increases the mystique of the Hawkman. Therefore, the person doesn’t matter but the concept of the Hawkman. Hawkmen’s armor and weaponry are visually the same to that of Wingmen, but are in fact superior. Besides, Hawkmen obviously wear the winged helmet. In order to keep the Elite Hawkmen Force status as the best warriors, they are only sent into battle when victory is almost assured. Their task is to slaughter a weakened enemy and put an end to the battle.
After Infinite Crisis
During the Rann-Thanagar War miniseries the Wingmen were divided in several legions. There were legions attacking Rann, legions defending Thanagar and legions loyal to Onimar Synn. After the destruction of Thanagar and its following terraforming by green lanterns Kilowog and Ion, the reinstatement of the Wingmen Force was lead by Carter Hall — who was made its first official cop and later commissioner.
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This page was last modified on 10 January 2010 at 10:02.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Dorsey”
Categories: 1829 births | 1879 deaths | People from Adams County, Mississippi | American writers | American women writers
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Coordinates: other data for this location”>40°26?36?N81°42?10?W? / ?40.44333°N 81.70278°W? / 40.44333; -81.70278
Country
United States
State
Ohio
Counties
Tuscarawas, Holmes, Coshocton
Townships
Bucks, Clark, & Crawford
Area
- Total
0.8 sq mi (2.2 km2)
- Land
0.8 sq mi (2.2 km2)
- Water
0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation
1,066 ft (325 m)
Population (2000)
- Total
743
- Density
891.0/sq mi (344.0/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code
43804
Area code(s)
330
FIPS code
39-03744
GNIS feature ID
1064377
Baltic is a village in Coshocton, Holmes, and Tuscarawas counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The population was 743 at the 2000 census. The Raber’s Almanac for the Amish community is published here.
Contents
1Geography
2Demographics
3References
4External links
Geography
Baltic is located at 40°26?36?N81°42?10?W? / ?40.44333°N 81.70278°W? / 40.44333; -81.70278 (40.443367, -81.702656).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km²).None of the area is covered with water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 743 people, 275 households, and 196 families residing in the village. The population density was 891.0 people per square mile (345.6/km²). There were 286 housing units at an average density of 343.0/sq mi (133.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.65% White, 0.13% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.27% Asian, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.13% of the population.
There were 275 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the village the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $33,625, and the median income for a family was $41,944. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $19,766 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,820. About 4.3% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ ab“US Board on Geographic Names”. United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ ab“American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^“US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic,_Ohio”
Categories: Villages in Ohio | Coshocton County, Ohio | Holmes County, Ohio | Tuscarawas County, OhioHidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance | Geolinks maintenance
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This page was last modified on 31 January 2009 at 14:34.
“Brannigan, Begin Again” is the second episode in the second production season of Futurama. It was originally aired in North America on November 28, 1999 as the sixth episode in the second broadcast season. The episode was written by Lewis Morton and directed by Jeffrey Lynch.
Contents
1Plot
1.1Cold opening
1.2Episode summary
2Introduced characters
3Continuity
4Reception
5Cultural references
6References
7External links
Plot
Cold opening
Fry and Bender are playing a violent, futuristic version of chess where Bender’s bishop and Fry’s knight fight (ending with the bishop getting stabbed and kicked aside). Fry wins, prompting Bender to send all of his chess pieces after Fry.
Episode summary
The Planet Express crew arrives at the new Democratic Order of Planets (D.O.O.P.) headquarters in orbit around the Neutral Planet, in order to deliver the oversized scissors that will be used for the ribbon-cutting ceremony. After deciding the Neutral Planet is evil and deceptive, Zapp Brannigan captures and interrogates the crew, thinking that they are assassins. Shortly thereafter, he destroys the entire station by attempting to use the Nimbus‘ laser to cut the ribbon from space.
At the former D.O.O.P. headquarters in Weehawken, New Jersey, Brannigan is court-martialed and he and Kif Kroker are stripped of all their titles and dismissed from D.O.O.P. service, the latter being dismissed after Brannigan unjustly declares him the guilty party. Unable to find employment, the pair wander the streets until they finally arrive at the Planet Express building. Leela tries to turn them away, but Professor Farnsworth decides hiring Brannigan would be good for the company’s public image.
The augmented crew is sent to deliver pillows to a hotel on Stumbos 4, a high-gravity planet. Despite Leela’s order to deliver one at a time, Fry, Bender, and Zapp decide to deliver all the pillows at once, which in the intense gravity causes the hover dolly to collapse. As punishment, Leela orders them to deliver the pillows by hand instead of using the backup dolly, which causes resentment among the crew.
Fry, Bender, and Zapp stage a mutiny against Leela, and lock her in the “laundry brig”. Brannigan decides to attack his imagined nemesis, the Neutral Planet, thinking this will make him a hero and get him reinstated as a D.O.O.P. captain. When Fry and Bender discover the plan is a suicide mission, they free Leela and she retakes command. With Fry and Bender’s help, they foil Zapp’s plan after he jumps ship with Kif.
After returning to Earth, Leela testifies that Brannigan was an amazing hero, and the D.O.O.P. reinstates Zapp and Kif, thus keeping them out of her life for a little while longer, since Kif annoys Leela with his complaints about working under Zapp. Leela also decides to be a bit more lenient with Fry and Bender, but when the Professor overrules this, the three decide to stage a mutiny against him.
Introduced characters
Hyperchicken
Continuity
The majority of the jury at Brannigan’s trial are characters from previous Futurama episodes. Among the familiar ones are:
Glurmo from “Fry and the Slurm Factory”
the fat anglerfish-antennae alien from “Hell is Other Robots”
a Neptunian
an Insectoid
a Robot Elder from “Fear of a Bot Planet”
Fry’s Trisolian advisor Gorgak from “My Three Suns”
Fry is shown while at the DOOP headquarters talking to a woman from the planet “Amazonia”. Fry would later end up in Amazonia on Amazon Women in the Mood.
In the cold opening, the 3-D chess game Bender and Fry play have the following characters as chess pieces:
a Decapodian
a Horrible Gelatinous Blob
Lrrr the ruler of Omicron Persei 8
a Trisolian from “My Three Suns”
an Amphibiosan
Towards the end of the episode, when Leela regains control of the ship as it is about to impact the Neutral Planet, she says “I don’t want to die at the age of 25!”. Bender questions this number.
Hermes mentions that DOOP is like the Federation from Star Trek, even though it’s later revealed in “Where No Fan Has Gone Before” that any verbal mention of Star Trek is an arrestable offense.
Reception
In 2006 IGN.com ranked this episode as number five in their list of the “Top 25 Futurama episodes”. The episode ranked highly in large part due to the character of Zapp Brannigan, particularly the Midnight Cowboy parody with Kif and Brannigan as Dustin Hoffman and Jon Voight. A review on 411mania also noted that the return of Brannigan was a highpoint of the episode and gave it an overall rating of 8.0/10 or “very good”. In Doug Pratt’s DVD Pratt noted that the episode combined the series’ science fiction setting with good character humor.
Cultural references
The title is a play on the Irish folk song Michael Finnigan, which is also known by its refrain, “Finnigan, begin again.” The episode opens with Fry and Bender playing a game of chess similar to that played by Chewbacca and R2-D2 in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. The sequence where Zapp attempts to make a living as a gigolo is taken from Midnight Cowboy, including the film’s theme, “Everybody’s Talkin’” by Harry Nilsson.
References
^ abcdCusson, Jerome (2008-03-18). “Going to the World of Tomorrow 3.18.08: Futurama — Brannigan, Begin Again”. 411mania.com. http://www.411mania.com/movies/dvd_reviews/71169. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
^Pratt, Douglas. Doug Pratt’s DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. p. 474.
External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Brannigan, Begin Again
Brannigan, Begin Again at TV.com
Brannigan, Begin Again at the Internet Movie Database
Brannigan, Begin Again at The New York Times Movies
Brannigan, Begin Again at the Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki.
v•d•e
Futurama episodes
Season 1
“Space Pilot 3000″ ·“The Series Has Landed” ·“I, Roommate” ·“Love’s Labours Lost in Space” ·“Fear of a Bot Planet” ·“A Fishful of Dollars” ·“My Three Suns” ·“A Big Piece of Garbage” ·“Hell Is Other Robots” ·“A Flight to Remember” ·“Mars University” ·“When Aliens Attack” ·“Fry and the Slurm Factory”
Season 2
“I Second That Emotion” ·“Brannigan, Begin Again“ ·“A Head in the Polls” ·“Xmas Story” ·“Why Must I Be a Crustacean in Love?” ·“The Lesser of Two Evils” ·“Put Your Head on My Shoulder” ·“Raging Bender” ·“A Bicyclops Built for Two” ·“A Clone of My Own” ·“How Hermes Requisitioned His Groove Back” ·“The Deep South” ·“Bender Gets Made” ·“Mother’s Day” ·“The Problem with Popplers” ·“Anthology of Interest I” ·“War Is the H-Word” ·“The Honking” ·“The Cryonic Woman”
Season 3
“Amazon Women in the Mood” ·“Parasites Lost” ·“A Tale of Two Santas” ·“The Luck of the Fryrish” ·“The Birdbot of Ice-Catraz” ·“Bendless Love” ·“The Day the Earth Stood Stupid” ·“That’s Lobstertainment!” ·“The Cyber House Rules” ·“Where the Buggalo Roam” ·“Insane in the Mainframe” ·“The Route of All Evil” ·“Bendin’ in the Wind” ·“Time Keeps On Slippin’” ·“I Dated a Robot” ·“A Leela of Her Own” ·“A Pharaoh to Remember” ·“Anthology of Interest II” ·“Roswell That Ends Well” ·“Godfellas” ·“Future Stock” ·“The 30% Iron Chef”
Season 4
“Kif Gets Knocked Up a Notch” ·“Leela’s Homeworld” ·“Love and Rocket” ·“Less Than Hero” ·“A Taste of Freedom” ·“Bender Should Not Be Allowed on TV” ·“Jurassic Bark” ·“Crimes of the Hot” ·“Teenage Mutant Leela’s Hurdles” ·“The Why of Fry” ·“Where No Fan Has Gone Before” ·“The Sting” ·“Bend Her” ·“Obsoletely Fabulous” ·“The Farnsworth Parabox” ·“Three Hundred Big Boys” ·“Spanish Fry” ·“The Devil’s Hands Are Idle Playthings”
Season 5
Bender’s Big Score·The Beast with a Billion Backs·Bender’s Game·Into the Wild Green Yonder
Season 6
“Rebirth”
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannigan,_Begin_Again”
Categories: Futurama episodes | 1999 television episodes
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This page was last modified on 3 January 2010 at 17:35.
This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions are available. (November 2006)
Joeun Food Co, Ltd. (hangul:????) is a Korean food and confectionery company. It has headquarters in Masan and Gimhae Gyeongsangnam-do and Seoul, South Korea.
Contents
1History
2Products
3See also
4External links
History
1992:Established in Joeun Food at Nae-Dong Gimhae Gyeongsangnam-do
1997:Established in total snack plant
1999:Established in Gimhae private plant, Inning trade licence by Korea Army Welfare Foundation
2000:Move to Gimhae plant at Masan, Inning trade licence by Korea Marine Army Welfare Foundation
Products
Hard Candy
Dessert Candy
Caramel
Chocolate
Snack
Biscuit
Jelly
See also
Economy of South Korea
External links
Joeun Food Homepage (in Korean)
This food and/or confectionery corporation or company-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
This article about a Korean corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joeun_Food”
Categories: Food manufacturers of South Korea | Food companies of South Korea | Food company stubs | Korean company stubsHidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles
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This page was last modified on 22 April 2007 at 09:16.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply.
See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Elkins Pointe Middle School is a Fulton County School located in the Roswell Cluster of north Fulton County, Georgia. The school is administered by Principal Vivian Bankston.
This school-related article concerning the state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkins_Pointe_Middle_School”
Categories: Georgia (U.S. state) school stubs | Roswell, Georgia | Middle schools in Georgia (U.S. state)Hidden categories: Georgia (U.S. state) articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates
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Villanueva de Bogas is a municipality located in the province of Toledo, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 805 inhabitants.
v•d•e
Municipalities of Toledo
Ajofrín · Alameda de la Sagra · Albarreal de Tajo · Alcabón · Alcaudete de la Jara · Alcañizo · Alcolea de Tajo ·Aldea en Cabo · Aldeanueva de Barbarroya · Aldeanueva de San Bartolomé · Almendral de la Cañada · Almonacid de Toledo · Almorox · Arcicóllar · Argés · Azután · Añover de Tajo · Barcience · Bargas · Belvís de la Jara · Borox · Buenaventura · Burguillos de Toledo · Burujón · Cabañas de Yepes · Cabañas de la Sagra · Cabezamesada · Calera y Chozas · Caleruela · Calzada de Oropesa · Camarena · Camarenilla · Camuñas · Cardiel de los Montes · Carmena · Carranque · Carriches · Casarrubios del Monte · Casasbuenas · Castillo de Bayuela · Cazalegas · Cebolla · Cedillo del Condado · Cervera de los Montes · Chozas de Canales · Chueca · Ciruelos · Cobeja · Cobisa · Consuegra · Corral de Almaguer · Cuerva · Domingo Pérez · Dosbarrios · El Campillo de la Jara · El Carpio de Tajo · El Casar de Escalona · El Puente del Arzobispo · El Real de San Vicente · El Romeral · El Toboso · El Viso de San Juan · Erustes · Escalona · Escalonilla · Espinoso del Rey · Esquivias · Fuensalida · Garciotum · Gerindote · Guadamur · Gálvez · Herreruela de Oropesa · Hinojosa de San Vicente · Hontanar · Hormigos · Huecas · Huerta de Valdecarábanos · Illescas · Illán de Vacas · La Estrella · La Guardia · La Iglesuela · La Mata · La Nava de Ricomalillo · La Puebla de Almoradiel · La Puebla de Montalbán · La Pueblanueva · La Torre de Esteban Hambrán · La Villa de Don Fadrique · Lagartera · Las Herencias · Las Ventas con Peña Aguilera · Las Ventas de Retamosa · Las Ventas de San Julián · Layos · Lillo · Lominchar · Los Cerralbos · Los Navalmorales · Los Navalucillos · Los Yébenes · Lucillos · Madridejos · Magán · Malpica de Tajo · Manzaneque · Maqueda · Marjaliza · Marrupe · Mascaraque · Mazarambroz · Mejorada · Menasalbas · Mesegar de Tajo · Miguel Esteban · Mocejón · Mohedas de la Jara · Montearagón · Montesclaros · Mora · Méntrida · Nambroca · Navahermosa · Navalcán · Navalmoralejo · Navamorcuende · Noblejas · Noez · Nombela · Novés · Numancia de la Sagra · Nuño Gómez · Ocaña · Olías del Rey · Ontígola · Orgaz · Oropesa · Otero · Palomeque · Pantoja · Paredes de Escalona · Parrillas · Pelahustán · Pepino · Polán · Portillo de Toledo · Puerto de San Vicente · Pulgar · Quero · Quintanar de la Orden · Quismondo · Recas · Retamoso · Rielves · Robledo del Mazo · San Bartolomé de las Abiertas · San Martín de Montalbán · San Martín de Pusa · San Pablo de los Montes · San Román de los Montes · Santa Ana de Pusa · Santa Cruz de la Zarza · Santa Cruz del Retamar · Santa Olalla · Santo Domingo-Caudilla · Sartajada · Segurilla · Seseña · Sevilleja de la Jara · Sonseca · Sotillo de las Palomas · Talavera de la Reina · Tembleque · Torralba de Oropesa · Torrecilla de la Jara · Torrico · Torrijos · Totanés · Turleque · Ugena · Urda · Valdeverdeja · Valmojado · Velada · Villacañas · Villafranca de los Caballeros · Villaluenga de la Sagra · Villamiel de Toledo · Villaminaya · Villamuelas · Villanueva de Alcardete ·Villanueva de Bogas · Villarejo de Montalbán · Villarrubia de Santiago · Villaseca de la Sagra · Villasequilla · Villatobas · Yeles · Yepes · Yuncler · Yunclillos · Yuncos
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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions are available. (November 2006)
Paul Huxley (born 12 May 1938, London), is a British painter.
He attended Harrow School of Art from 1951 to 1956, and the Royal Academy Schools from 1956 to 1960.
His first solo exhibition was in 1963 at the Rowan Gallery, London, where he continued to exhibit regularly for two decades. Huxley has taken part in group exhibitions since 1959, when he exhibited in ‘Young Contemporaries’, London. In 1964 he participated in ‘The New Generation’ exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery with Patrick Caulfield, David Hockney, John Hoyland and Bridget Riley. More recently he has been part of group exhibitions at the Barbican (1993), the Gulbenkian Centre for Modern Art, Lisbon (1997), and Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge and Leicester City Art Gallery (both 1999).
In 1964 Huxley travelled to the United States as first prize in the Stuyvesant Travel Awards. In 1965 he won a prize at the Paris Biennale and then a Harkness Fellowship which let him return to the U.S., where he lived in New York for two years. He won the Linbury Trust Award in 1977, first prize in the Eastern Arts Exhibition in 1983 and a National Art Collections award for Outstanding Service to the Arts in 1995.
He taught at the Royal College of Art from 1976, and was Professor of Painting there from 1986 until 1998, when he became Professor Emeritus.
He was commissioned to make 22 ceramic mural designs for King’s Cross railway station in 1984, and has also produced work for the Rambert Dance Company (1991) and Pallant House Gallery, Chichester (2001).
Huxley was a member of the advisory panels for the Arts Council of Great Britain and the Serpentine Gallery. From 1975 to 1982 he was a Trustee of the Tate Gallery, and also served as chairman of its Exhibitions Committee. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1987 and has been its Treasurer since 2000.
Solo exhibitions
2009 Watergate Gallery, Seoul, South Korea.
2008 Lyon & Turnbull, London.
2003 Rhodes + Mann, London
2002 Rhodes + Mann, London
2001 Pallant House Gallery, Chichester
2001 Rhodes+Mann, London.
1999 New Art Centre, Roche Court, Salisbury
1998 Jason & Rhodes Gallery, London
1994 Gardner Art Centre, Sussex University
1992 Gillian Jason Gallery, London
1991 Galerie zur alten deutschen Schule, Thun, Switzerland
See also
Royal Academy
External links
Artist’s official website
At the Royal Academy (cached)
Huxley at the Tate
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Huxley”
Categories: 1938 births | Academics of the Royal College of Art | Royal Academicians | Living peopleHidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2006 | All orphaned articles
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This page was last modified on 27 December 2009 at 12:13.
(Redirected from Nuptial act)
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Catholic teachings on sexual morality draw from natural law, Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition and are promulgated authoritatively by the Magisterium. Sexual morality evaluates the goodness of sexual behavior, and often provides general principles by which one is able to evaluate the morality of specific actions.
The Catholic Church teaches that human life and human sexuality are both inseparable and sacred. Because Catholics believe God created human beings in his own image and likeness and that he found everything he created to be “very good,” the Catholic Church teaches that human body and sex must likewise be good. The Catechism teaches that “the flesh is the hinge of salvation.” The Church considers the expression of love between husband and wife to be an elevated form of human activity, joining as it does, husband and wife in complete mutual self-giving, and opening their relationship to new life. “The sexual activity, in which husband and wife are intimately and chastely united with one another, through which human life is transmitted, is, as the recent Council recalled, ‘noble and worthy.’” It is in cases in which sexual expression is sought outside sacramental marriage, or in which the procreative function of sexual expression within marriage is deliberately frustrated, that the Catholic Church expresses grave moral concern.
However the Church does teach that sexual intercourse outside of marriage is contrary to its purpose. The “conjugal act” aims at a deeply personal unity, a unity that, beyond union in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul” since the marriage bond is to be a sign of the love between God and humanity.
Among the sins gravely contrary to chastity are masturbation, fornication, pornography, homosexual practicesand artificial contraception. Besides being considered a grave sin, the procurement or assistance in abortion can carry the penalty of excommunication.
Contents
1Sources of Catholic sexual morality
1.1Natural law
1.2Sacred scripture
1.3Fathers of the church
1.4Medieval theologians
1.5Recent magisterial teachings
2The Catholic teaching on specific subjects
2.1Adultery
2.2Chastity
2.2.1Contraception
2.2.2Fornication
2.2.3Homosexuality
2.2.4Lust
2.2.5Masturbation
2.2.6Pornography
2.2.7Prostitution
2.2.8Rape
3See also
4References
4.1Footnotes
5External links
Sources of Catholic sexual morality
Main article: Catholic theology of the body
Natural law
Natural law (Latin: lex naturalis) is an ethical theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere. Despite pagan associations with natural law theory, a number (though not all) of the early Church Fathers sought to incorporate it into Christianity (the suspect devotion of the Stoics to pagan worship no doubt aided in this adoption).
In an influential passage of the Summa Theologiae, St. Thomas Aquinas wrote,
the rational creature is subject to Divine providence in the most excellent way, in so far as it partakes of a share of providence, by being provident both for itself and for others. Wherefore it has a share of the Eternal Reason, whereby it has a natural inclination to its proper act and end: and this participation of the eternal law in the rational creature is called the natural law.
Natural law is a basic source for Catholic teachings on sexual morality.
Sacred scripture
The creation stories in Genesis 1-3 provide insights into anthropology that inform Catholic sexual morality. The following verses are frequently cited in Catholic studies of sexual morality:
“God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them, and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it’” (Gen 1:27)
“the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and while he slept took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh; and the rib which the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. Then the man said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.” Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh. And the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed.” (Gen 2:21-25)
“To the woman he said, ‘I will greatly multiply your pain in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children, yet your desire shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you.’” (Gen 3:16)
Two of the Ten Commandments directly address sexual morality, forbidding adultery and coveting a neighbor’s wife. See Exodus 20:14, 17; Deuteronomy 5:18, 21.
Jesus comments on these commandments in Matthew 5:27-28: “You have heard that it was said, `You shall not commit adultery.’ But I say to you that every one who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.”
Jesus makes reference to the passages from Genesis in his teachings on marriage in Matthew 19: “Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, `For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh’? So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man put asunder.”
Fathers of the church
Augustine of Hippo, having lived a hedonistic lifestyle in his early youth, among hooligans whom he treated as friends with benefits, later followed the strictly dualistic religion of Manicheanism, which was deeply hostile to the material world, despising sexual activity. Eventually, under the influence of his Christian mother, Augustine converted to Christianity, and later wrote movingly of this conversion in his Confessions, including details of the sexually-related aspects. The following passage from his autobiography describes a critical turning point in his change of sexual morality:
So quickly I returned to the place where Alypius was sitting; for there had I put down the volume of the apostles, when I rose thence. I grasped, opened, and in silence read that paragraph on which my eyes first fell: “Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying; but put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make not provision for the flesh, to fulfil the lusts thereof.” No further would I read, nor did I need…
Medieval theologians
Saint Thomas Aquinas dealt with sexual morality as an aspect of the virtue of temperance, and incorporates Scripture throughout his account. In his Summa Theologiae he writes about chastity:
The word “chastity” is employed in two ways. First, properly; and thus it is a special virtue having a special matter, namely the concupiscences relating to venereal pleasures. Secondly, the word “chastity” is employed metaphorically: for just as a mingling of bodies conduces to venereal pleasure which is the proper matter of chastity and of lust its contrary vice, so too the spiritual union of the mind with certain things conduces to a pleasure which is the matter of a spiritual chastity metaphorically speaking, as well as of a spiritual fornication likewise metaphorically so called. For if the human mind delight in the spiritual union with that to which it behooves it to be united, namely God, and refrains from delighting in union with other things against the requirements of the order established by God, this may be called a spiritual chastity, according to 2 Cor. 11:2, “I have espoused you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ.” If, on the other hand, the mind be united to any other things whatsoever, against the prescription of the Divine order, it will be called spiritual fornication, according to Jer. 3:1, “But thou hast prostituted thyself to many lovers.” Taking chastity in this sense, it is a general virtue, because every virtue withdraws the human mind from delighting in a union with unlawful things. Nevertheless, the essence of this chastity consists principally in charity and the other theological virtues, whereby the human mind is united to God.
Recent magisterial teachings
Casti connubii (1930) by Pope Pius XI
Main article: Casti Connubii
Casti connubii was written in part as a response to the decision of the Anglican Lambeth Conference in 1930 that taught the legitimacy of the use of contraception in some circumstances.
“any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.”
Humanae vitae (1968) by Pope Paul VI
Theology of the Body by Pope John Paul II
Evangelium vitae (1995) by Pope John Paul II
Donum vitae (1987) by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Veritatis splendor (1993) by Pope John Paul II
Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992)
Deus Caritas Est (2006)
The Catholic teaching on specific subjects
Adultery
One of the ten commandments. Thou shalt not commit Adultery.
Chastity
Catholicism defines chastity as the virtue that moderates the sexual appetite. Unmarried Catholics express chastity through sexual abstinence. Sexual intercourse within marriage is considered chaste when it retains the twofold significance of union and procreation. Pope John Paul II wrote,
At the center of the spirituality of marriage, therefore, there lies chastity not only as a moral virtue (formed by love), but likewise as a virtue connected with the gifts of the Holy Spirit—above all, the gift of respect for what comes from God (donum pietatis). This gift is in the mind of the author of the Ephesians when he exhorts married couples to “defer to one another out of reverence for Christ” (Eph 5:21). So the interior order of married life, which enables the manifestations of affection to develop according to their right proportion and meaning, is a fruit not only of the virtue which the couple practice, but also of the gifts of the Holy Spirit with which they cooperate.
Because sex is considered chaste only within context of marriage it has come to be called the nuptial act in Catholic passages. Among Catholics, the nuptial act is considered to be the conjoining of two human beings through sexual intercourse, considered an act of love between two married persons, and is considered in this way, a gift from God. While discussing chastity, the Catechism of the Catholic Church lists several transgressions and sins against it.
Contraception
Contraception is defined as “every action which, whether in anticipation of the conjugal act, or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible.” Contraception so defined is intrinsically evil.
As Pope John Paul II taught in Familiaris Consortio,
Thus the innate language that expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife is overlaid, through contraception, by an objectively contradictory language, namely, that of not giving oneself totally to the other. This leads not only to a positive refusal to be open to life but also to a falsification of the inner truth of conjugal love, which is called upon to give itself in personal totality…. the difference, both anthropological and moral, between contraception and recourse to the rhythm of the cycle . . . involves in the final analysis two irreconcilable concepts of the human person and of human sexuality.
Health uses of contraceptives
Further information: Roman Catholic Church and AIDS
Occasionally, a substance that is most commonly used as a contraceptive may be used to treat a medical condition. One example is the use of hormonal contraception to treat endometriosis. Because such treatments are used without contraceptive intent, they are not morally considered contraception.
The use of condoms to prevent disease is a more controversial issue, with theologians arguing both sides. Unlike drugs and surgical procedures, however, the current consensus is that any use of a condom is morally contraceptive and thus a sin.
Issues surrounding the Roman Catholic Church and AIDS have become highly controversial in the past twenty years, primarily because many prominent religious leaders have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms as a disease preventative. Other issues involve religious participation in global health care services and collaboration with secular organizations such as UNAIDS and the World Health Organization.
Fornication
Fornication is carnal union between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman. It is gravely contrary to the dignity of persons and of human sexuality which is naturally ordered to the good of spouses and the generation and education of children. Moreover, it is a grave scandal when there is corruption of the young.
Homosexuality
Homosexuality refers to relations between men or between women who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. It has taken a great variety of forms through the centuries and in different cultures. Its psychological genesis remains largely unexplained. Basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity,141 tradition has always declared that “homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered.”142 They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. Under no circumstances can they be approved.
Lust
Lust is disordered desire for or inordinate enjoyment of sexual pleasure. Sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for itself, isolated from its procreative and unitive purposes.
Masturbation
Masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action. The deliberate use of the sexual faculty, for whatever reason, outside of marriage is essentially contrary to its purpose
Pornography
Pornography consists in removing real or simulated sexual acts from the intimacy of the partners, in order to display them deliberately to third parties. It offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each other. It does grave injury to the dignity of its participants (actors, vendors, the public), since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense. Civil authorities should prevent the production and distribution of pornographic materials.
Prostitution
Prostitution does injury to the dignity of the person who engages in it, reducing the person to an instrument of sexual pleasure. The one who pays sins gravely against himself: he violates the chastity to which his Baptism pledged him and defiles his body, the temple of the Holy Spirit. Prostitution is a social scourge. It usually involves women, but also men, children, and adolescents (The latter two cases involve the added sin of scandal.). While it is always gravely sinful to engage in prostitution, the imputability of the offense can be attenuated by destitution, blackmail, or social pressure.
Rape
Rape is the forcible violation of the sexual intimacy of another person. It does injury to justice and charity. Rape deeply wounds the respect, freedom, and physical and moral integrity to which every person has a right. It causes grave damage that can mark the victim for life. It is always an intrinsically evil act. Graver still is the rape of children committed by parents (incest) or those responsible for the education of the children entrusted to them.
See also
Catholic theology of the body
Catholics for Choice
Christian views on contraception
Homosexuality and Catholicism
Sexual ethics
Moral theology
References
Catholic Church (1997). Catechism of the Catholic Church: with modifications from the editio typica (Second Edition ed.). Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50819-0. http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
Footnotes
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2331–2400
^ Genesis 1:31
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1015
^ “Humanae Vitae, no. 11″
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1643
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1617
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2351–2357
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2370
^Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2272
^ “Natural Law,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.
^ ST I-II Q91 a2 corp
^ St. Augustine, Confessions, Book 8, Chapter 12
^ St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, II-II, Question 151, Article 2, corp.
^Catechism of the Catholic Church,
^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologia I-II q. 60 a. 5; Catholic Encyclopedia, “Chastity”
^Humanae vitae 12
^ Pope John Paul II, General Audience, Wednesday, November 14, 1984.
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2337-2350, 2337–2350
^Humanae vitae 14,
^Familiaris Consortio 32,
^Hardon, John (2000). “Endometriosis”. Modern Catholic Dictionary. Eternal Life. ISBN 096729892X. http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=33323.
^James T. Bretzke, S.J. (26 March,). “The Lesser Evil”. America Magazine. http://americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=5371. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
^Guevin, Benedict; Martin Rhonheimer (Spring 2005). “Debate: On the Use of Condoms to Prevent Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome”. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly: 35—48.
^May, William E. (Summer/Fall 2007). “The Theological Significance of Consummation of Marriage, Contraception, Using Condoms to Prevent HIV, and Same-Sex Unions”. Josephinum Journal of Theology (Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Catholic Library Association) 14 (2): 207—217.
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2353, 2353
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2357, 2357
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2351, 2351
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2352, 2352
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2354, 2354
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2355, 2355
^Catechism of the Catholic Church 2356, 2356
External links
“Sex & the Early Church” by Sam Torode
“Christianity and Sex” from the Applied Ethics section of Religious Studies Online
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_teachings_on_sexual_morality”
Categories: Roman Catholicism in the world | Catholic theology of the body | Catholic theology and doctrine | Religious views on birth controlHidden categories: Articles containing Latin language text
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This page was last modified on 1 February 2010 at 09:04.
